AP_TemperatureSensor: Add support for MCP9808 I2C temperature sensor

[lavleshpoyrekar]

Summary

Add MCP9808 temperature sensor support to AP_TemperatureSensor.
The driver provides I2C communication, device detection, temperature reading, and integration with ArduPilot temperature sensor framework.

Classification & Testing (check all that apply and add your own)

• Checked by a human programmer
• Non-functional change
• No-binary change
• Infrastructure change (e.g. unit tests, helper scripts)
• Automated test(s) verify changes (e.g. unit test, autotest)
• Tested manually, description below (e.g. SITL)
• Tested on hardware
• Logs attached
• Logs available on request

Testing performed:

• Built successfully with ArduPilot waf build system.
• Tested MCP9808 sensor on actual hardware using I2C interface.
• Verified sensor initialization and temperature readings.
• Tested with two MCP9808 sensors connected on the I2C bus.
• Verified sensor detection, device ID reading, and temperature output through MAVLink logs.

Description

This PR adds support for the MCP9808 digital temperature sensor in the AP_TemperatureSensor library.

Changes include:

• Added MCP9808 backend driver implementation.
• Added MCP9808 sensor registration and integration with AP_TemperatureSensor.
• Added I2C communication support for MCP9808.
• Added sensor initialization, device ID verification, and temperature reading.
• Added support for MCP9808 configuration through ArduPilot temperature sensor framework.

Log Link
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lO0TRcomo0k0ZZJ5mHk8dpHhfN6aIto6/view?usp=sharing

The implementation was tested on real hardware with MCP9808 sensors connected over I2C and verified using MAVLink logs.

[peterbarker]

Requires a simulator + addition to autotest

Spaces after commas.

Add trailing newlines to files.

Needs an entry in build_options.py

Pretty solid!

[peterbarker]

CI must pass

[lavleshpoyrekar]

@peterbarker . I've addressed the requested changes:

1. Added the simulator and autotest coverage.
2. Fixed spacing and Formatting.
3. Added the required build_options.py entry.
   Please review the changes when you get a chance. Thanks!