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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
<title>About & Methodology — SupplementScore</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Who builds SupplementScore, how every score is generated, the source hierarchy, funding policy, and review cadence — published in full.">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://supplementscore.org/about.html">
<meta property="og:title" content="About & Methodology — SupplementScore">
<meta property="og:description" content="Editorial process, funding, methodology, and conflict-of-interest policy for SupplementScore.">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://supplementscore.org/about.html">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="SupplementScore">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="About & Methodology — SupplementScore">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Editorial process, funding, methodology, and COI policy.">
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/* 2026-05-25 — collapsed sections (Sources / Glossary / Revisions).
Items past the initial-visible count get .is-collapsed; clicking the
Load More button removes the class from siblings inside the same section. */
.is-collapsed { display: none !important; }
.ab-load-more {
display: block;
margin: 14px auto 0;
padding: 9px 18px;
background: var(--color-background-primary);
border: 0.5px solid var(--color-border-secondary);
border-radius: 999px;
color: var(--color-text-secondary);
font-size: 12.5px;
font-weight: 600;
font-family: inherit;
cursor: pointer;
transition: border-color .15s, color .15s, background .15s;
}
.ab-load-more:hover { border-color: var(--color-brand); color: var(--color-brand); }
.ab-load-more:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--color-brand); outline-offset: 2px; }
/* ============================================================
2026-05-31 — About-page design polish (scoped to .ab-page):
stronger stat bar, section eyebrows, table readability,
sticky TOC + reading-progress, source-tile contrast,
roadmap stage colours, and a "how a score is built" band.
============================================================ */
/* Reading-progress bar */
.ab-progress { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; height: 3px; width: 0; background: var(--color-brand); z-index: 100; transition: width .08s linear; pointer-events: none; }
/* Stat bar — make the proof numbers actually land */
.ab-page .ab-stats { gap: 12px; margin: 20px 0 34px; }
.ab-page .ab-stat { background: #fbf9f4; border: 1px solid var(--color-border-tertiary); border-radius: 12px; padding: 15px 16px; }
.ab-page .ab-stat-num { font-size: 27px; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.5px; color: var(--color-text-primary); }
.ab-page .ab-stat-lbl { font-size: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; color: var(--color-brand); font-weight: 600; margin-top: 7px; }
/* Section rhythm — small green eyebrow rule above each section heading */
.ab-page > h2 { margin-top: 52px; }
.ab-page > h2::before { content: ""; display: block; width: 34px; height: 3px; border-radius: 2px; background: var(--color-brand); margin-bottom: 16px; }
/* Sticky on-this-page nav */
.ab-page .ab-toc { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 30; background: var(--color-background-primary); border: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border-tertiary); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-tertiary); border-radius: 0; padding: 16px 4px; counter-reset: toc; }
.ab-page .ab-toc strong { color: var(--color-brand); }
.ab-page .ab-toc-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 1px 24px; margin-top: 4px; }
.ab-page .ab-toc-grid a { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 9px; margin: 0; padding: 6px 0; color: var(--color-text-primary); text-decoration: none; }
.ab-page .ab-toc-grid a::before { counter-increment: toc; content: counter(toc, decimal-leading-zero); min-width: 16px; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--color-brand); font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
.ab-page .ab-toc-grid a:hover { color: var(--color-brand); text-decoration: underline; }
@media (max-width: 600px) { .ab-page .ab-toc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 0 18px; } }
/* Table readability */
.ab-page table { border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; border: 1px solid var(--color-border-tertiary); border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden; }
.ab-page th, .ab-page td { padding: 12px 14px; }
.ab-page thead th { background: var(--color-background-secondary); font-size: 11.5px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .05em; color: var(--color-text-secondary); border-bottom: 2px solid var(--color-border-secondary); }
.ab-page tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: rgba(31,122,107,.035); }
.ab-page tbody td { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-tertiary); }
.ab-page tbody tr:last-child td { border-bottom: 0; }
/* Source tiles — lift them off the page so they read as clickable */
.ab-page .src-item { background: #fffdf9; border: 1px solid var(--color-border-tertiary); }
.ab-page .src-item:hover { border-color: var(--color-brand); }
/* Roadmap — colour each stage label to match its stage */
.ab-road .ab-road-stage { color: var(--color-brand); }
.ab-road.in-prog .ab-road-stage { color: #4B7BE5; }
.ab-road.soon .ab-road-stage { color: #CA8A04; }
.ab-road.plan .ab-road-stage { color: var(--color-text-tertiary); }
/* "How a score is built" band */
.ab-anatomy { margin: 8px 0 30px; padding: 20px 22px; border: 1px solid var(--color-border-tertiary); border-radius: 14px; background: #fffdf9; }
.ab-anatomy-h { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--color-brand); margin: 0 0 14px; }
.ab-anat-flow { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1.25fr; gap: 18px; align-items: center; }
.ab-anat-sub { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 6px; }
.ab-anat-sub span { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--color-text-secondary); background: var(--color-background-secondary); border-radius: 7px; padding: 7px 9px; line-height: 1.2; }
.ab-anat-arrow { color: var(--color-text-tertiary); font-size: 20px; text-align: center; line-height: 1; }
.ab-anat-arrow small { display: block; font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; margin-top: 3px; }
.ab-anat-segs { display: flex; gap: 4px; }
.ab-anat-segs .seg { flex: 1; height: 12px; border-radius: 4px; }
.ab-anat-segs .t1 { background: #1F7A6B; } .ab-anat-segs .t2 { background: #4B7BE5; } .ab-anat-segs .t3 { background: #CA8A04; } .ab-anat-segs .t4 { background: #DC2626; }
.ab-anat-keys { display: flex; gap: 4px; margin-top: 8px; }
.ab-anat-keys > div { flex: 1; text-align: center; }
.ab-anat-keys b { display: block; font-size: 11.5px; font-weight: 700; }
.ab-anat-keys i { font-style: normal; font-size: 10px; color: var(--color-text-tertiary); }
.ab-anat-cap { font-size: 12.5px; color: var(--color-text-secondary); margin: 14px 0 0; line-height: 1.55; }
@media (max-width: 600px) {
.ab-anat-flow { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
.ab-anat-arrow { transform: rotate(90deg); }
}
</style>
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<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.webmanifest">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/icons/icon-180-apple.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1F7A6B">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="SuppScore">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com https://unpkg.com https://plausible.io; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://fonts.googleapis.com; font-src 'self' https://fonts.gstatic.com data:; img-src 'self' data: https:; connect-src 'self' https://formspree.io https://plausible.io https://www.fda.gov https://www.efsa.europa.eu; frame-ancestors 'none'; base-uri 'self'; form-action 'self' https://formspree.io;">
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<body>
<!-- 2026-05-22 — Source-logos SVG sprite mirrors the one in index.html.
Injected here so the new .src-grid below in the 'Where the evidence
comes from' section resolves its <use href="#lg-*"> references. -->
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<symbol id="lg-fda" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 3L5 8v5c0 7 4.5 12.5 10 14 5.5-1.5 10-7 10-14V8L15 3Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><text x="15" y="17" font-size="7.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700">FDA</text><path d="M10 20h10" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".5" stroke-linecap="round"/></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-nejm" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><rect x="6" y="5" width="18" height="15" rx=".5" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><line x1="9" y1="9" x2="21" y2="9" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="9" y1="12" x2="19" y2="12" stroke="white" stroke-width=".6" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="9" y1="14.5" x2="19" y2="14.5" stroke="white" stroke-width=".6" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="9" y1="17" x2="16" y2="17" stroke="white" stroke-width=".6" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".4">NEJM</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-lancet" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="7" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2"/><line x1="15" y1="9" x2="15" y2="17" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="11" y1="13" x2="19" y2="13" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">LANCET</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-ajcn" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 8 C11.5 8 9 10.5 9 14 C9 17.5 12 21 15 21 C18 21 21 17.5 21 14 C21 10.5 18.5 8 15 8 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2"/><path d="M15 8 Q16.5 5.5 18.5 5.5" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round"/><circle cx="15" cy="14" r="1.2" fill="white"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".4">AJCN</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-nsf" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="7.5" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2"/><path d="M11 13 L14 16 L19 10" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.8" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="6" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".4">NSF</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-nature" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M8 22 L8 8 L22 22 L22 8" stroke="white" stroke-width="2" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">NATURE</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-mdpi" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><rect x="6" y="6" width="18" height="14" rx="1" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><path d="M9 11 L11 16 L13 11 L13 17 M16 11 L16 17 M16 11 L19 11 Q20 11 20 13 Q20 15 19 15 L16 15" stroke="white" stroke-width=".9" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">MDPI</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-jissn" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><rect x="6" y="5" width="18" height="16" rx=".8" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><line x1="9" y1="10" x2="21" y2="10" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="9" y1="13" x2="18" y2="13" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="9" y1="16" x2="19" y2="16" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">JISSN</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-sportsmed" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="7" stroke="white" stroke-width="1" fill="none"/><path d="M9 13 Q15 9 21 13 Q15 17 9 13" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="15" y1="6" x2="15" y2="20" stroke="white" stroke-width=".6" opacity=".4"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">SPORT</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-nneuro" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 5 C19 5 22 8 22 12 C22 14 21 16 20 17 C21 18 22 20 22 22 L8 22 C8 20 9 18 10 17 C9 16 8 14 8 12 C8 8 11 5 15 5Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><circle cx="12" cy="11" r="1" fill="white"/><circle cx="18" cy="11" r="1" fill="white"/><path d="M13 14 Q15 16 17 14" stroke="white" stroke-width=".9" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700">NEURO</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-informed" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 3L5 8v6c0 6 4 12 10 14 6-2 10-8 10-14V8L15 3Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M11 13 L14 16 L20 10" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.8" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">SPORT</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-annrev" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M8 6 L22 6 L22 22 L15 19 L8 22 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><line x1="11" y1="11" x2="19" y2="11" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="11" y1="14" x2="17" y2="14" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">ANN.REV</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-cpt" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="7" stroke="white" stroke-width="1" fill="none"/><path d="M10 11 L13 16 L16 11 L19 16 L20 13" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="6" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">CPT</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-ctgov" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><rect x="7" y="5" width="14" height="18" rx="1" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><line x1="10" y1="10" x2="18" y2="10" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="10" y1="13" x2="16" y2="13" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><circle cx="19" cy="18" r="3" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><line x1="21" y1="20" x2="23.5" y2="22.5" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">CT.GOV</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-ahrq" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 3L5 7v6.5C5 20 9.5 26 15 27.5c5.5-1.5 10-7.5 10-14V7L15 3Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><path d="M10 12h10M10 15h7" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="22" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">AHRQ</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-annint" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M5 7 L15 6 L25 7 L25 22 L15 21 L5 22 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><line x1="15" y1="6" x2="15" y2="21" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".5"/><line x1="8" y1="11" x2="12" y2="11" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="8" y1="14" x2="12" y2="14" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="18" y1="11" x2="22" y2="11" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="18" y1="14" x2="22" y2="14" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">ANNALS</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-abc" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 5 C10 8 8 13 10 18 C12 22 17 22 20 18 C22 14 20 9 15 5 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><path d="M15 5 L15 20" stroke="white" stroke-width=".7" opacity=".5" stroke-linecap="round"/><path d="M13 10 Q15 12 17 10 M12 14 Q15 16 18 14" stroke="white" stroke-width=".6" fill="none" opacity=".6" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".4">ABC</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-wada" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="8" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M9 13 Q15 9 21 13 Q15 17 9 13" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" opacity=".5"/><path d="M11 13 L14 16 L19 10" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.6" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">WADA</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-ejn" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M8 5 L8 22 M8 13 L16 13 M16 5 L16 22" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.4" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">EJN</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-iof" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 4 C11 4 8 7 8 11 C8 15 11 17 15 20 C19 17 22 15 22 11 C22 7 19 4 15 4 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><line x1="15" y1="20" x2="15" y2="25" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="11" y1="24" x2="19" y2="24" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">IOF</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-ada" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="8" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M15 9 L15 17 M11 13 L19 13" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="5.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">ADA</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-frontiers" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M5 22 L15 6 L25 22 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M9 22 L15 12 L21 22" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width=".8" stroke-linejoin="round" opacity=".55"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">FRONTIERS</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-harvard" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 4 L6 7 L6 14 C6 19.5 10 24 15 26 C20 24 24 19.5 24 14 L24 7 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><text x="15" y="18" font-size="10" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="serif" font-weight="700">H</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-jhu" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M6 22 L6 13 L15 6 L24 13 L24 22 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M15 14 L15 20 M12 17 L18 17" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">HOPKINS</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-stanford" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 5 C13 10 10 13 7 14 C10 15 13 18 15 23 C17 18 20 15 23 14 C20 13 17 10 15 5 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><circle cx="15" cy="14" r="1.2" fill="white"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">STANFORD</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-cleveland" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><rect x="7" y="9" width="16" height="14" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M7 9 L15 4 L23 9" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M15 13 L15 19 M12 16 L18 16" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">CLEVELAND</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-karolinska" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 4 L6 7 L6 14 C6 19.5 10 24 15 26 C20 24 24 19.5 24 14 L24 7 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><path d="M11 11 L11 19 M11 15 L17 11 M11 15 L17 19" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.3" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">KI</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-plos" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="8" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M11 9 L11 17 M11 9 L16 9 Q18 9 18 11 Q18 13 16 13 L11 13" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">PLOS</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-cellmet" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><ellipse cx="15" cy="13" rx="8" ry="6" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="2.5" fill="white" opacity=".4"/><circle cx="10.5" cy="12" r=".7" fill="white"/><circle cx="19.5" cy="14.5" r=".7" fill="white"/><text x="15" y="28.5" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">CELL MET</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-nutrev" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M6 7 L15 6 L24 7 L24 21 L15 20 L6 21 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><line x1="15" y1="6" x2="15" y2="20" stroke="white" stroke-width=".6" opacity=".5"/><path d="M20 10 Q22 12 20 15 Q22 17 19 18" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width=".9" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">NUTR REV</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-bjsm" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><rect x="6" y="6" width="18" height="16" rx=".8" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><circle cx="15" cy="11" r="2" fill="white" opacity=".6"/><path d="M15 13 L13 17 L11 20 M15 13 L17 17 L19 20 M13 15 L17 15" stroke="white" stroke-width=".9" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">BJSM</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-ehj" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 22 C9.5 18 6 14.5 6 11 C6 8.5 7.8 7 10 7 C11.8 7 13.6 8.3 15 10 C16.4 8.3 18.2 7 20 7 C22.2 7 24 8.5 24 11 C24 14.5 20.5 18 15 22 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><circle cx="10" cy="11" r=".6" fill="white"/><circle cx="12" cy="8" r=".6" fill="white"/><circle cx="18" cy="8" r=".6" fill="white"/><circle cx="20" cy="11" r=".6" fill="white"/><text x="15" y="28.5" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">EUR HRT</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-diabetologia" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 4 C11 10 7 14 7 17.5 C7 21 10.5 24 15 24 C19.5 24 23 21 23 17.5 C23 14 19 10 15 4 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M13 14 L13 20 M13 14 L16 14 Q18 14 18 17 Q18 20 16 20 L13 20" stroke="white" stroke-width="1" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">DIABETOL</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-jbmr" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M10 7 C8 7 7 8 7 9.5 C7 11 8 12 9 12 L9 18 C8 18 7 19 7 20.5 C7 22 8 23 10 23 C11 23 12 22 12 21 L18 21 C18 22 19 23 20 23 C22 23 23 22 23 20.5 C23 19 22 18 21 18 L21 12 C22 12 23 11 23 9.5 C23 8 22 7 20 7 C19 7 18 8 18 9 L12 9 C12 8 11 7 10 7 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">JBMR</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-nasem" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M6 23 L6 10 L8 10 L8 23 Z M10 23 L10 7 L12 9 L12 23 Z M14 23 L14 5 L16 7 L16 23 Z M18 23 L18 9 L20 11 L20 23 Z M22 23 L22 11 L24 13 L24 23 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width=".9"/><line x1="5" y1="25" x2="25" y2="25" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">NASEM</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-mhra" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 3L5 7v6.5C5 20 9.5 26 15 27.5c5.5-1.5 10-7.5 10-14V7L15 3Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1"/><path d="M11 11 L11 19 M11 11 L15 16 L19 11 M19 11 L19 19" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="26" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">MHRA</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-grade" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><rect x="6" y="17" width="3.5" height="6" fill="white" opacity=".4"/><rect x="10.5" y="14" width="3.5" height="9" fill="white" opacity=".55"/><rect x="15" y="10" width="3.5" height="13" fill="white" opacity=".75"/><rect x="19.5" y="6" width="3.5" height="17" fill="white"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">GRADE</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-circ" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="8" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M7 13 L11 13 L13 9 L15 17 L17 11 L19 13 L23 13" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.3" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><text x="15" y="28" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".3">CIRC</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-gut" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M10 6 C14 6 16 9 15 12 C14 15 10 15 10 18 C10 21 14 21 18 21" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.4" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/><circle cx="10" cy="6" r="1.3" fill="white"/><circle cx="18" cy="21" r="1.3" fill="white"/><text x="15" y="28.5" font-size="6" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".4">GUT</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-endorev" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="12" r="4" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><line x1="15" y1="16" x2="15" y2="22" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1" stroke-linecap="round"/><line x1="12" y1="19" x2="18" y2="19" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1" stroke-linecap="round"/><circle cx="15" cy="12" r="1.2" fill="white"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="4" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">ENDO REV</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-diacare" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><circle cx="15" cy="13" r="8" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><path d="M15 6 C12 10 10 13 10 16 C10 19 12 20 15 20 C18 20 20 19 20 16 C20 13 18 10 15 6 Z" fill="white" opacity=".35"/><text x="15" y="28.5" font-size="4.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".2">DIA CARE</text></symbol>
<symbol id="lg-aap" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M15 5 C11 5 8 8 8 12 C8 15 9 17 11 18 L11 22 L19 22 L19 18 C21 17 22 15 22 12 C22 8 19 5 15 5 Z" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.1"/><circle cx="12.5" cy="11" r=".8" fill="white"/><circle cx="17.5" cy="11" r=".8" fill="white"/><path d="M13 14 Q15 16 17 14" stroke="white" stroke-width=".9" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round"/><text x="15" y="29" font-size="5.5" fill="white" text-anchor="middle" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" letter-spacing=".4">AAP</text></symbol>
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<span aria-current="page" style="color:var(--color-text-secondary)">About & Methodology</span>
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<div class="ar-cat">About SupplementScore</div>
<h1>Honest, independent supplement evidence — free for everyone.</h1>
<div class="ar-meta">Last reviewed May 22, 2026 · Maintained by the <a href="#contribute" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px">SupplementScore Editorial Team</a> · Published under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CC-BY 4.0</a></div>
<p class="ar-lede">SupplementScore is a free, public reference that grades dietary supplements against published clinical trials. Every score traces back to peer-reviewed research. No sponsorships, no affiliates, no ads. This page covers who we are, how scoring works, and the policies that keep the calls honest.</p>
<div class="ab-stats">
<div class="ab-stat"><div class="ab-stat-num">780+</div><div class="ab-stat-lbl">Supplements scored</div></div>
<div class="ab-stat"><div class="ab-stat-num">61</div><div class="ab-stat-lbl">Trusted sources</div></div>
<div class="ab-stat"><div class="ab-stat-num">27,000+</div><div class="ab-stat-lbl">Studies reviewed</div></div>
<div class="ab-stat"><div class="ab-stat-num">$0</div><div class="ab-stat-lbl">Industry funding</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ab-toc">
<strong>On this page</strong>
<div class="ab-toc-grid">
<a href="#why">Why we exist</a>
<a href="#tiers">Evidence tiers</a>
<a href="#scores">Sub-scores</a>
<a href="#promotion">How tiers move</a>
<a href="#sources">Sources</a>
<a href="#funding">Funding policy</a>
<a href="#cadence">Review cadence</a>
<a href="#interactions">Interactions</a>
<a href="#roadmap">Roadmap</a>
<a href="#limits">What we don't claim</a>
<a href="#glossary">Glossary</a>
<a href="#feedback">Flag an error</a>
<a href="#contribute">Contribute</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ab-anatomy">
<div class="ab-anatomy-h">How a score is built</div>
<div class="ab-anat-flow">
<div class="ab-anat-sub" aria-hidden="true">
<span>Efficacy</span><span>Safety</span><span>Research depth</span><span>Onset</span><span>Cost / value</span><span>Interaction risk</span>
</div>
<div class="ab-anat-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→<small>weighted</small></div>
<div class="ab-anat-out" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="ab-anat-segs"><span class="seg t1"></span><span class="seg t2"></span><span class="seg t3"></span><span class="seg t4"></span></div>
<div class="ab-anat-keys"><div><b style="color:#155e52">Tier 1</b><i>72–100</i></div><div><b style="color:#2f53a8">Tier 2</b><i>60–71</i></div><div><b style="color:#8a5d05">Tier 3</b><i>40–59</i></div><div><b style="color:#b3261e">Tier 4</b><i>below 40</i></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="ab-anat-cap">Six clinical dimensions — each scored 1–5, with efficacy and safety weighted highest — roll into one 0–100 composite. That score, gated by the citation and safety rules below, sets the tier.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="why">Why we exist</h2>
<p>The right supplement can genuinely change someone's life — better sleep, less joint pain, more energy, fewer migraines. The wrong one can drain a wallet, interact with a prescription, or harm an organ. But finding honest information is nearly impossible. The supplement industry generates over $50 billion a year in the US alone, and most of what you read online is written by someone trying to sell you something.</p>
<p>We built SupplementScore to fix that. The long-term goal is to use the best of clinical evidence, and eventually blood work and DNA, to curate precise, personalized supplement guidance for each individual. We don't sell supplements. We don't accept sponsorships. We don't run affiliate links. SupplementScore is, and will remain, free.</p>
<div class="ab-callout">
<strong>Our values.</strong> Radical transparency — every score is fully traceable to its source studies. Independence first — zero industry funding, zero affiliate deals with brands we score. Living knowledge — scores evolve as the evidence evolves. Science is never settled, and neither are we.
</div>
<h2 id="tiers">The four evidence tiers</h2>
<p>Every supplement on the site is placed in one of four tiers. The tier is the headline call: how confident the evidence is, and what kind of risk profile the supplement carries.</p>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Tier</th><th>What it means</th><th>What moves a supplement here</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="ab-tier t1">Tier 1</span></td>
<td><strong>Proven effective.</strong> Backed by multiple large RCTs and meta-analyses with consistent, replicated results across independent research groups.</td>
<td>≥1 systematic review or meta-analysis showing a meaningful effect, plus ≥1 independently-funded confirmatory RCT. Industry-only evidence cannot drive a Tier 1 call.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="ab-tier t2">Tier 2</span></td>
<td><strong>Promising.</strong> Supported by clinical trials, but limited to specific populations, conditions, or dosages. Real potential — awaiting larger confirmatory studies.</td>
<td>≥2 RCTs in a defined population with a consistent direction of effect, but small total N or no meta-analysis yet.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="ab-tier t3">Tier 3</span></td>
<td><strong>Unproven.</strong> Limited or conflicting human data. Marketing claims often outrun the research. Many popular supplements live here.</td>
<td>Mechanistic plausibility, animal data, or single small RCTs only. Surfaced so readers can see what the evidence does and doesn't say.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="ab-tier t4">Tier 4</span></td>
<td><strong>Risky / avoid.</strong> Documented safety risks including organ damage, severe drug interactions, or death. Regulatory warnings issued. Do not use.</td>
<td>FDA warning letter or recall, EMA / EFSA negative opinion, multiple peer-reviewed case reports of serious adverse events, or banned status in any major jurisdiction.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="scores">The six sub-scores</h2>
<p>Each supplement carries six 1–5 sub-scores. They roll up into the headline 0–100 score shown on the card, with efficacy and safety weighted highest. The sub-scores let you see <em>why</em> a supplement scores the way it does, instead of treating the headline as a black box. The exact formula lives in <code>app.js</code> under <code>calcScore</code> and is open for inspection.</p>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Field</th><th>What 1 means</th><th>What 5 means</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><strong>Efficacy</strong></td><td>Insufficient evidence of benefit</td><td>Conclusive — meta-analytic evidence with consistent direction</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Safety</strong></td><td>Documented serious harm at typical doses</td><td>Excellent — no adverse signals across large population studies</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Research depth</strong></td><td>Minimal — <3 published trials</td><td>Extensive — >20 trials including meta-analyses</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Onset</strong></td><td>8+ weeks before noticeable effect</td><td>Immediate / hours</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Cost / value</strong></td><td>High cost for marginal benefit</td><td>Meaningful effect for low cost</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Drug-interaction risk</strong></td><td>Severe interactions documented</td><td>None known</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="promotion">How tiers move</h2>
<p>Tier is a function of the composite score <em>and</em> a citation gate. A high score alone is not enough for Tier 1; a low score alone is not enough to demote from Tier 1. A supplement only moves between tiers when both conditions for the new tier are satisfied at the same time:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Score band.</strong> The composite must fall inside the new tier's range (T1 ≥72, T2 60–71, T3 40–59, T4 <40).</li>
<li><strong>Citation gate (T1 only).</strong> At least one pivotal PubMed-indexed study with a public or nonprofit funder.</li>
<li><strong>Safety floor (T1 + T2 only).</strong> No active FDA / EFSA / TGA / Health Canada warning that renders the supplement inappropriate for the general adult population.</li>
<li><strong>Replication (T1 only).</strong> The pivotal effect has been seen in at least two independent samples — not necessarily two trials, but two analyses that don't share a single research group's data.</li>
</ul>
<p>Safety-driven moves are an exception: if a major regulator issues a contraindication or recall, the supplement moves to T4 within one deploy cycle regardless of efficacy score. In the prior 12 months: 12 net promotions, 4 demotions, and 1 safety-driven move. The full audit trail lives in <code>_archive/score-changes.csv</code>.</p>
<div class="ab-callout">
<strong>Worked example — psyllium husk.</strong> Sat at 70 (T2) for two years on the strength of older trials. A 2024 NIH-supported meta-analysis of 27 RCTs (PMID 38688104) lifted the efficacy score to 74. Replication was already met. Promoted T2 → T1 in April 2026.
</div>
<h2 id="sources">Where the evidence comes from</h2>
<p>Not all citations are equal. Where multiple sources speak to a single claim, the stronger evidence type carries more weight in the score. The order below is how we resolve disagreements between sources:</p>
<ol class="ab-hier">
<li><span class="rk">01</span><span class="nm">Meta-analyses & Cochrane systematic reviews</span><span class="ds">Pooled effect, risk-of-bias graded</span></li>
<li><span class="rk">02</span><span class="nm">Regulator dossiers</span><span class="ds">FDA / EFSA / EMA / NIH ODS / Health Canada</span></li>
<li><span class="rk">03</span><span class="nm">Independently-funded RCTs</span><span class="ds">Direct evidence in humans</span></li>
<li><span class="rk">04</span><span class="nm">Cohort & observational studies</span><span class="ds">Useful for safety signals</span></li>
<li><span class="rk">05</span><span class="nm">Mechanistic, animal, or anecdotal</span><span class="ds">Hypothesis-generating only</span></li>
</ol>
<p>The primary sources every score draws from include <strong>PubMed</strong>, the <strong>Cochrane Library</strong>, <strong>ClinicalTrials.gov</strong>, <strong>NIH Office of Dietary Supplements</strong>, <strong>NCCIH</strong>, <strong>EFSA</strong>, <strong>EMA HMPC</strong>, <strong>Health Canada NNHPD</strong>, <strong>openFDA FAERS</strong>, <strong>FDA MedWatch</strong>, <strong>WHO monographs</strong>, <strong>USDA FoodData Central</strong>, <strong>DrugBank</strong>, the <strong>USPSTF</strong>, and top-tier journals (NEJM, Lancet, JAMA, BMJ, AJCN, JISSN). Critical-appraisal frameworks include <strong>GRADE</strong>, <strong>Cochrane RoB 2</strong>, <strong>AMSTAR-2</strong>, <strong>CONSORT</strong>, and <strong>PRISMA</strong>. The complete registry of 61 sources is in <code>sources/registry.json</code>; <a href="bibliography.html">browse the bibliography →</a></p>
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<div class="ab-sources-caption">All <b>61 sources</b> — click any to visit</div>
<div class="src-grid">
<a class="src-item" href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-cochrane"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Cochrane</div><div class="src-is">Systematic reviews</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-pubmed"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">PubMed</div><div class="src-is">NLM biomedical index</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://www.issn.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-issn"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">ISSN</div><div class="src-is">Sports nutrition society</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-uspstf"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">USPSTF</div><div class="src-is">US prevention task force</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-efsa"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">EFSA</div><div class="src-is">EU food safety</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-cdc"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">CDC</div><div class="src-is">US public health</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nih"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NIH ODS</div><div class="src-is">Dietary supplements office</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nccih"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NCCIH</div><div class="src-is">Complementary health</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-who"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">WHO</div><div class="src-is">World Health Organization</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item" href="https://examine.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-examine"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Examine</div><div class="src-is">Supplement research</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-trc"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Nat. Medicines</div><div class="src-is">TRC database</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory-overview/herbal-medicinal-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-ema"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">EMA / HMPC</div><div class="src-is">EU herbal monographs</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-tga"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Australian TGA</div><div class="src-is">Therapeutic Goods Admin.</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.consumerlab.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-clab"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">ConsumerLab</div><div class="src-is">Product testing</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.acsm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-acsm"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">ACSM</div><div class="src-is">Sports medicine</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.heart.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-aha"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">AHA</div><div class="src-is">Am. Heart Assn.</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.acog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-acog"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">ACOG</div><div class="src-is">OB/GYN college</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.uptodate.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-uptodate"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">UpToDate</div><div class="src-is">Clinical decision support</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/natural-non-prescription.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-hc"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Health Canada</div><div class="src-is">Natural Health Products</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nci"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NCI PDQ</div><div class="src-is">Cancer supplements</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.bmj.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-bmj"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">BMJ</div><div class="src-is">British Medical Journal</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=Dietary%20Supplements" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-fda"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">FDA</div><div class="src-is">Supplement database</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.nejm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nejm"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NEJM</div><div class="src-is">New England J. Med.</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.thelancet.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-lancet"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Lancet</div><div class="src-is">Intl. medical journal</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-ajcn"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">AJCN</div><div class="src-is">Am. J. Clin. Nutrition</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.nsf.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nsf"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NSF</div><div class="src-is">Purity certification</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-ctgov"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">ClinicalTrials</div><div class="src-is">NIH trial registry</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-ahrq"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">AHRQ</div><div class="src-is">US healthcare quality</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.acpjournals.org/journal/aim" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-annint"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Ann. Int. Med.</div><div class="src-is">Am. Coll. Physicians</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.herbalgram.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-abc"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Am. Botanical</div><div class="src-is">HerbalGram</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.wada-ama.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-wada"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">WADA</div><div class="src-is">Anti-doping agency</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-harvard"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Harvard Chan</div><div class="src-is">Public health</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-jhu"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Johns Hopkins</div><div class="src-is">Clinical reviews</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://med.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-stanford"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Stanford Med</div><div class="src-is">Translational research</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-cleveland"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Cleveland Clinic</div><div class="src-is">Drug & supplement</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://ki.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-karolinska"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Karolinska</div><div class="src-is">Medical research</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-plos"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">PLOS Medicine</div><div class="src-is">Open-access research</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/home" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-cellmet"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Cell Metabolism</div><div class="src-is">Metabolism research</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nutrev"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Nutr. Reviews</div><div class="src-is">Nutrition science</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-bjsm"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">BJSM</div><div class="src-is">Br. J. Sports Med.</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-ehj"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Eur. Heart J.</div><div class="src-is">Cardiology flagship</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://link.springer.com/journal/125" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-diabetologia"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Diabetologia</div><div class="src-is">EASD journal</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15234681" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-jbmr"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">JBMR</div><div class="src-is">Bone & mineral</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://jamanetwork.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-jama"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">JAMA</div><div class="src-is">Am. Medical Assn.</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-mayo"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Mayo Clinic</div><div class="src-is">Evidence reviews</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nhmrc"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NHMRC</div><div class="src-is">Australian research council</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.nice.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nice"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NICE</div><div class="src-is">UK care guidance</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-lpi"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Linus Pauling</div><div class="src-is">Micronutrient research</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/symptom-management/integrative-medicine/herbs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-mskcc"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">MSK Herbs</div><div class="src-is">Sloan Kettering</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.usp.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-usp"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">USP</div><div class="src-is">Quality verification</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://escop.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-escop"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">ESCOP</div><div class="src-is">EU phytotherapy</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/topic/health-and-medicine/food-and-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-nasem"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">NASEM</div><div class="src-is">DRIs & upper limits</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/medicines-and-healthcare-products-regulatory-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-mhra"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">MHRA</div><div class="src-is">UK regulator</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-grade"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">GRADE</div><div class="src-is">Evidence grading</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/circ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-circ"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Circulation</div><div class="src-is">AHA cardiology</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://gut.bmj.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-gut"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Gut</div><div class="src-is">GI & microbiome</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://academic.oup.com/edrv" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-endorev"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Endo. Reviews</div><div class="src-is">Hormone science</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-diacare"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Diabetes Care</div><div class="src-is">ADA clinical journal</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.aap.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-aap"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">AAP</div><div class="src-is">Am. Acad. Pediatrics</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://www.nutritioncare.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-aspen"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">ASPEN</div><div class="src-is">Clinical nutrition</div></div></a>
<a class="src-item is-collapsed" href="https://nutrition.tufts.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="src-il"><use href="#lg-tufts"/></svg><div><div class="src-in">Tufts Friedman</div><div class="src-is">Nutrition science</div></div></a>
</div>
<button type="button" class="ab-load-more" data-load-target=".src-grid .src-item" data-load-label-more="Show all 61 sources" data-load-label-less="Show fewer">Show all 61 sources</button>
</div>
<p>What we explicitly do <em>not</em> use as primary sources: manufacturer literature, affiliate-driven supplement review sites, nutritional industry trade publications, celebrity-endorsed product pages, retailer product pages, multilevel-marketing materials, and influencer or podcast claims. They may appear in an article only as evidence of a marketing claim being analysed.</p>
<h2 id="funding">Funding policy</h2>
<p>Industry-funded supplement trials report effect sizes ~20–30% larger on average than independently-funded ones, after controlling for design quality. We don't pretend this away.</p>
<ul>
<li>Every cited study is tagged with funder, funder type (<code>public</code>, <code>industry</code>, <code>mixed</code>, <code>nonprofit</code>, <code>none_disclosed</code>), and a competing-interest flag.</li>
<li>When pooled effect sizes come from industry-funded trials, we apply a <strong>~25% downward adjustment</strong> in the narrative. The adjustment is documented per supplement.</li>
<li>A Tier 1 call requires at least one <code>public</code> or <code>nonprofit</code>-funded confirmatory study. Industry-only evidence cannot promote a supplement to Tier 1.</li>
<li>Citations visually flag industry funding (amber) and competing-interest disclosures (red) so readers can weigh them themselves.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why 25% and not 0%:</strong> industry-funded trials are not worthless. Many are well-designed and add real evidence. We discount rather than discard. The number is a judgment call drawn from meta-research on funding bias; we'll revise as our own tracking accumulates.</p>
<p>Our own COI policy: SupplementScore is operated as a non-profit. We accept no funding from manufacturers, distributors, retailers, or affiliate programs. We do not run advertising. Hosting and tooling are paid from individual reader donations and the operator's personal funds. Editorial staff disclose any holdings (equity, consulting, speakerships) related to the supplement industry within the prior three years; anyone with active industry ties cannot author or second-read entries where the conflict applies.</p>
<h2 id="cadence">Review cadence</h2>
<p>Different content carries different stakes. We review accordingly:</p>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Content</th><th>Cadence</th><th>Triggers</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>Tier 4 (risky/avoid) and safety articles</td><td><strong>14 days</strong> or on regulator alert</td><td>PubMed + openFDA FAERS + FDA MedWatch RSS + EFSA alerts</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tier 1 and breakthrough articles</td><td>30 days</td><td>PubMed + Cochrane</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pediatric supplements</td><td>30 days</td><td>PubMed + AAP + NIH ODS pediatric</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tier 2 / Tier 3 supplements</td><td>60 days</td><td>PubMed + ODS / EMA</td></tr>
<tr><td>Evergreen guides and myth-busting</td><td>90 days</td><td>PubMed</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>If FDA MedWatch or EFSA publishes an alert for a supplement we track, it jumps the queue regardless of its last-reviewed date. Every supplement card and article shows its <em>Last reviewed</em> date so readers can see how fresh the call is.</p>
<h2 id="interactions">How interactions are modeled</h2>
<p>The interactions system is built on three pieces. <strong>Pairs</strong> capture explicit positive synergies — vitamin D3 + K2 for bone density, iron + vitamin C for absorption — each with a 1–5 strength rating. <strong>Cautions</strong> capture explicit negative pair interactions with severity: either <code>caution</code> (additive risk that warrants attention) or <code>avoid</code> (combinations to skip). St. John's Wort + SSRIs is an <code>avoid</code> for serotonin syndrome; ashwagandha + thyroid medication is a <code>caution</code>. <strong>Mechanism groups</strong> bundle supplements that share a pathway (bleed, serotonin, sedation, stimulant, hepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, thyroid modulator, and others) and auto-flag any two members against each other.</p>
<p>When you build a stack in your profile, the system flags conflicts in three places: a chip on each card, a grouped row inside the card describing the mechanism, and a top-of-plan banner enumerating every conflict. Drug-supplement interactions are a separate parallel system, currently in build-out as Phase 2 of the roadmap.</p>
<h2 id="roadmap">Roadmap</h2>
<p>Four stages toward hyper-personalized supplement recommendations.</p>
<div class="ab-roadmap">
<div class="ab-road"><div class="ab-road-stage">Stage 01 · Active</div><h3>Comprehensive database</h3><p>780+ supplements evaluated across six clinical dimensions, every rating derived from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and human trials across 61 trusted sources. Continuously updated.</p></div>
<div class="ab-road in-prog"><div class="ab-road-stage">Stage 02 · In progress</div><h3>Personalized recommendations</h3><p>Profile-based engine that generates a custom supplement plan from your age, sex, goals, conditions, and medications — what to take, what to avoid, dosing, timing, and interactions.</p></div>
<div class="ab-road soon"><div class="ab-road-stage">Stage 03 · Coming soon</div><h3>Blood work & lab integration</h3><p>Upload blood panels or urine tests to identify specific deficiencies. Results analysed against optimal ranges to recommend targeted supplements for what your body actually needs.</p></div>
<div class="ab-road plan"><div class="ab-road-stage">Stage 04 · Planned</div><h3>DNA-based personalization</h3><p>Incorporate MTHFR, VDR, CYP, and APOE variants to refine recommendations based on how you absorb, metabolise, and respond to specific nutrients.</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="limits">What we don't claim</h2>
<div class="ab-warn">
<strong>SupplementScore is an educational reference, not medical advice and not a medical device.</strong> We summarise evidence and provide tier calls. Individual dosing, diagnosis, and treatment decisions belong to a qualified clinician who knows your specific history.
</div>
<p>Specifically, we do not diagnose conditions or recommend supplements as treatment for a diagnosed condition, provide individualised dosing (the doses shown are population-level ranges from clinical trials), replace pharmacist or physician review of supplement-medication interactions, endorse specific brands, or claim that any supplement prevents, treats, or cures any disease.</p>
<p>Scores reflect group-level clinical data; individual responses vary by genetics, diet, health status, medications, and pre-existing conditions. Supplement quality varies dramatically between brands — we do not test, certify, or endorse specific products. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before starting, stopping, or changing supplements, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, or on medications. In a medical emergency, contact your local emergency services immediately.</p>
<h2 id="glossary">Glossary</h2>
<p>Plain-language definitions for the research terms used across the site. If you've ever wondered what "p < 0.05" means or what "GRADE" actually grades, this is for you.</p>
<div class="ab-glossary">
<input type="text" id="gl-search" class="gl-search" placeholder="Filter terms (e.g. RCT, meta-analysis, MTHFR)" autocomplete="off">
<div class="gl-section">Study design</div>
<div class="gl-list">
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">RCT</span>Randomized controlled trial</summary><div class="gl-def">The strongest single-study design. Participants are randomly assigned to receive the intervention (e.g. a supplement) or a control (placebo or standard care). Randomization balances confounders so any difference in outcome is attributable to the intervention.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">DBPC</span>Double-blind, placebo-controlled</summary><div class="gl-def">An RCT where neither the participant nor the researchers measuring outcomes know who received the active compound. Eliminates placebo and observer bias. The gold standard for supplement evidence.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Crossover</span>Crossover trial</summary><div class="gl-def">Each participant receives both the intervention and the control, separated by a washout period. Smaller sample size needed but only works for short-term, fully-reversible effects.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Cohort</span>Cohort study</summary><div class="gl-def">Observational. Follows a group of people over time and observes which ones develop an outcome. Can show association, not causation. Confounding (e.g. healthy-user bias) is the main weakness.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Case-control</span>Case-control study</summary><div class="gl-def">Observational. Compares people with a condition to people without it, looking backward for differences. Cheap and fast but prone to recall bias.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">In vitro</span>In vitro</summary><div class="gl-def">Latin for "in glass". Done in cells or test tubes, not in living humans or animals. Hypothesis-generating; rarely translates directly to human effects.</div></details>
</div>
<div class="gl-section">Synthesizing evidence</div>
<div class="gl-list">
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">SR</span>Systematic review</summary><div class="gl-def">A structured search across all published evidence on a question, using pre-specified inclusion criteria. Reduces cherry-picking. Often paired with a meta-analysis.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Meta-analysis</span>Meta-analysis</summary><div class="gl-def">Pools the numeric results of multiple RCTs to compute a more precise summary effect. Cochrane reviews are considered the highest-quality form. The site's Tier 1 calls usually rest on a meta-analysis with positive results.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">NMA</span>Network meta-analysis</summary><div class="gl-def">A meta-analysis that compares 3+ interventions even when not all of them have been directly compared head-to-head. Used to rank treatments (e.g. the 2025 Cheng NMA ranking nutraceuticals against antidepressants).</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">GRADE</span>GRADE evidence rating</summary><div class="gl-def">A standardized framework that rates the certainty of evidence as High, Moderate, Low, or Very Low based on study design, consistency, directness, precision, and publication bias.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">PRISMA</span>PRISMA reporting standard</summary><div class="gl-def">The PRISMA checklist standardizes how systematic reviews report their methods, so you can reproduce the search and judge what was excluded.</div></details>
</div>
<div class="gl-section">Effect-size measures</div>
<div class="gl-list">
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">SMD</span>Standardized mean difference</summary><div class="gl-def">The intervention's effect expressed in standard deviations. SMD 0.2 ≈ small, 0.5 ≈ moderate, 0.8 ≈ large. Lets you compare effect sizes across trials that used different scales.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">RR</span>Relative risk</summary><div class="gl-def">The ratio of an event happening in the treated group vs control. RR 0.7 means 30% lower risk; RR 1.5 means 50% higher risk.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">OR</span>Odds ratio</summary><div class="gl-def">Like RR but uses odds (event:no-event) instead of probability. Approximates RR when the event is rare.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">HR</span>Hazard ratio</summary><div class="gl-def">Like RR but accounts for time-to-event. Used in survival analysis.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">CI</span>Confidence interval (95% CI)</summary><div class="gl-def">The range within which the "true" effect probably lies. If the 95% CI for an RR crosses 1.0, the result is not statistically significant.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">p-value</span>p-value</summary><div class="gl-def">The probability that a result this large would happen by chance if the intervention had no real effect. p < 0.05 is the conventional cutoff for "statistically significant" — but it doesn't mean clinically meaningful.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">NNT</span>Number needed to treat</summary><div class="gl-def">How many people you'd need to treat to prevent one bad outcome. NNT 10 = treat 10 people for one to benefit. The lower the better.</div></details>
</div>
<div class="gl-section">Citation infrastructure</div>
<div class="gl-list">
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">PMID</span>PubMed identifier</summary><div class="gl-def">A unique number assigned by the U.S. National Library of Medicine to every paper indexed in PubMed. Lets you look up the exact source — every PMID on this site is a clickable link.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">DOI</span>Digital Object Identifier</summary><div class="gl-def">A persistent ID for any published document. Resolves to the publisher's page (where the full PDF often lives behind a paywall, sometimes not).</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">PMC</span>PubMed Central</summary><div class="gl-def">The free full-text repository for biomedical research. ~6 million papers; a subset of PubMed.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">COI</span>Conflict of interest</summary><div class="gl-def">Any financial or personal relationship that could bias the research. We tag every cited paper with its disclosed COI status.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Funder type</span>Funder type</summary><div class="gl-def">Who paid for the research. Categorised on this site as <code>public</code> (NIH, NHS, etc.), <code>nonprofit</code> (American Heart Association, etc.), <code>industry</code> (a supplement company), <code>mixed</code>, or <code>none_disclosed</code>. Tier 1 calls require at least one public/nonprofit citation.</div></details>
</div>
<div class="gl-section">Pharmacology terms</div>
<div class="gl-list">
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">UL</span>Tolerable Upper Intake Level</summary><div class="gl-def">The highest daily intake of a nutrient unlikely to cause harm in nearly all people. Set by NIH/NAS/EFSA. Above the UL, risk of toxicity rises.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">RDA</span>Recommended Dietary Allowance</summary><div class="gl-def">The intake sufficient to meet the requirement of 97–98% of healthy people. Below the RDA, deficiency risk rises.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">AI</span>Adequate Intake</summary><div class="gl-def">Used when an RDA can't be set due to insufficient data. The AI is the average intake assumed to maintain adequacy.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">EAR</span>Estimated Average Requirement</summary><div class="gl-def">The intake that meets the requirement of 50% of healthy people in a group. Below the EAR, deficiency is statistically common.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">CYP450</span>Cytochrome P450</summary><div class="gl-def">The liver's main drug-metabolising enzyme system. CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 are the most clinically important. Many supplements either induce (speed up) or inhibit (slow down) these — which changes prescription drug levels.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">P-gp</span>P-glycoprotein</summary><div class="gl-def">A pump that ferries drugs out of cells. Some supplements modulate P-gp activity, which changes how much of an oral drug actually gets absorbed and how much gets cleared.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Half-life</span>Half-life</summary><div class="gl-def">The time it takes for half of a dose to clear from the bloodstream. After 5 half-lives, ~97% is gone. Determines dosing frequency.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">AUC</span>Area Under the Curve</summary><div class="gl-def">Total drug exposure over time. A higher AUC means more drug reached the bloodstream — relevant when evaluating bioavailability or absorption-enhancing pairings (e.g. piperine + curcumin).</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Cmax</span>Cmax</summary><div class="gl-def">Peak blood concentration after a dose.</div></details>
</div>
<div class="gl-section">Genetic terms</div>
<div class="gl-list">
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">SNP</span>Single nucleotide polymorphism</summary><div class="gl-def">A common one-letter difference in DNA. Some SNPs affect how you metabolise nutrients or drugs.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">MTHFR</span>MTHFR variant</summary><div class="gl-def">The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. Common variants (C677T, A1298C) reduce conversion of folic acid to its active form. Carriers benefit from supplementing methylfolate (5-MTHF) directly.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">APOE4</span>APOE4 carrier</summary><div class="gl-def">A variant of the apolipoprotein E gene linked to higher Alzheimer's risk. Some supplement effects (e.g. omega-3, B vitamins) differ by APOE status.</div></details>
</div>
<div class="gl-section">Methodology shorthand</div>
<div class="gl-list">
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Tier 1</span>Tier 1 (Strong Evidence)</summary><div class="gl-def">Composite score ≥ 72 AND at least one cited PMID with public or nonprofit funding. The "I'm comfortable taking this" tier.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Tier 2</span>Tier 2 (Promising)</summary><div class="gl-def">Composite score 60–71. Real evidence but limited to specific populations, doses, or outcomes.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Tier 3</span>Tier 3 (Trending)</summary><div class="gl-def">Popular in wellness culture but weak or inconsistent clinical evidence.</div></details>
<details class="gl-term"><summary><span class="acro">Tier 4</span>Tier 4 (Risky / Avoid)</summary><div class="gl-def">Documented safety risks (organ damage, drug interactions, deaths). Regulatory warnings issued.</div></details>
</div>
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<h2 id="feedback">Flag an error</h2>
<p>If you spot an inaccurate claim, click the <strong>Flag inaccuracy</strong> button on the affected article or supplement card. The form asks for three things: the claim you think is wrong, what you think it should say, and a citation URL (PubMed, DOI, regulator dossier, or peer-reviewed paper).</p>
<p>The citation is required up front because it turns reader feedback into a signal we can act on. Every submission with a citation gets triaged. Submissions touching Tier 4 safety or drug interactions are escalated to same-day review — wrong information about high-stakes content is the highest-liability content on the site, and we treat it that way.</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top:0">Help build the database</h2>
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<section class="ab-rev" id="revisions" aria-label="Latest data revisions">
<div class="ab-rev-title">Latest data revisions</div>
<div class="ab-rev-row"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 25, 2026</span><span>Legacy <code>/s/<slug>.html</code> supplement URLs unified under the canonical <code>/supplement.html?slug=…</code> route — internal supplement clicks now skip the redirect hop and render directly into the canonical card. Hero search dropdown layering fixed so results no longer hide behind the filter pills.</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 25, 2026</span><span>Top-100 supplement↔article evidence audit: 566 new supplement-article relationships surfaced; 85 over-tags corrected (Vitamin D3 over-tags halved, Omega-3 over-tags down 60%, Zinc-prostate caution added). Article visual template unified across 229 article pages — consistent heading hierarchy and wrapper typography site-wide.</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 22, 2026</span><span>Methodology page absorbed into the About page so the editorial process and the org behind it live in one place. Article-generator dedup tightened — 38 title-level duplicate orphans removed.</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 21, 2026</span><span>Comparison hub expanded: 17 new head-to-head pages including curcumin formulations, creatine forms, zinc forms, probiotic strains, and the full thiamine family (123 comparisons total).</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 19–21, 2026</span><span>55 new articles published across pediatric supplementation, novel longevity compounds, regulatory safety (EGCG hepatotoxicity, curcumin DILIN cases), and form-vs-form deep dives (NMN vs NR, MK-7 vs MK-4, ferrous sulfate vs bisglycinate).</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 16, 2026</span><span>Daytime scheduled-task expansion — adds hourly content checks and triggers out-of-cycle reviews on FDA MedWatch / EFSA alerts within hours instead of days.</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 13, 2026</span><span>Medications hub launched at <code>/m/</code> — five drug pages at first (amlodipine, gabapentin, semaglutide, sertraline, tramadol), now expanded to eleven. Research page article-card grid sweep registered 30 previously-orphaned articles.</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 8–13, 2026</span><span>Article catalog grew from 254 to 283 cards on the Research page; placeholder updated from "Search 241 articles…" to "Search 284 articles…".</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">May 2, 2026</span><span>Largest single batch of the year — 238 articles published in one day, covering the long-tail of population-specific guidance (pediatrics, pregnancy, athletes, seniors).</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">Apr 29, 2026</span><span>Dark mode retired site-wide. All pages now force light theme — cleaner reading on long-form content and one fewer styling layer to maintain.</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">Apr 16, 2026</span><span>Added 50 new supplements (733 total) spanning mitochondrial compounds, vitamin E isomers, HMO prebiotics, omega-3 plant oils, and chelated mineral forms. 12 new sources added (55 total).</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">Apr 14, 2026</span><span>Added ClinicalTrials.gov, AHRQ, Annals of Internal Medicine, American Botanical Council, and WADA as primary sources.</span></div>
<div class="ab-rev-row is-collapsed"><span class="ab-rev-date">Apr 10, 2026</span><span>Updated Omega-3 description — corrected VITAL trial data attribution. Vitamin K2 drug-interaction score upgraded to "significant" (warfarin).</span></div>
<button type="button" class="ab-load-more" data-load-target=".ab-rev .ab-rev-row" data-load-label-more="Show 10 earlier revisions" data-load-label-less="Show fewer">Show 10 earlier revisions</button>
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